Exploring the Ancient Marvel of Watadageya: Sri Lanka’s Circular Relic House

Exploring the Ancient Marvel of Watadageya: Sri Lanka’s Circular Relic House

Sri Lanka is a treasure trove of historical and cultural wonders, and one of its most intriguing architectural creations is the Watadageya. Found in the heart of the country’s ancient cities, these circular relic houses were built during the Polonnaruwa and Anuradhapura periods. Watadageyas were designed as sacred enclosures, typically to protect Buddha relics or sacred objects. Their unique structure, spiritual significance, and intricate design make them a must-see for history enthusiasts and travelers alike.

What is a Watadageya?

The term “Watadageya” derives from the Sinhala words "Wata" (circle) and "Dageya" (house or structure), meaning “circular relic house.” These structures are typically built to protect a stupa or Buddha statue inside. They were often located within a temple complex, serving as a sanctuary for religious rituals.

The most famous Watadageya can be found in Polonnaruwa, the ancient capital of Sri Lanka during the 11th to 13th centuries. However, other Watadageyas exist in Anuradhapura and Medirigiriya, each with its unique features but sharing common architectural themes.

History and Cultural Significance

Watadageyas were built during the reign of several kings in ancient Sri Lanka, most notably during the Polonnaruwa period (11th-13th centuries). They served as places to house relics of the Buddha, ensuring their protection from the elements and invaders. These structures represent not only the religious devotion of the time but also the technical skill of Sri Lankan artisans, blending Buddhist architectural principles with local craftsmanship.

Polonnaruwa’s Watadageya is thought to have been built by King Parakramabahu I (1153–1186 AD) or possibly King Nissanka Malla (1187–1196 AD). The circular nature of the structure symbolizes the wheel of Dharma, representing the teachings of Buddha. This connection between architectural design and Buddhist philosophy is what makes Watadageyas stand out among other ancient structures in Sri Lanka.

Architecture of the Watadageya

A typical Watadageya is circular in shape, with multiple layers or terraces that lead up to the central stupa or Buddha statue. The following are the key architectural elements:

1. Circular Foundation and Base: The foundation of the Watadageya is typically a raised circular platform made of stone or brick, often with two or more concentric layers. These platforms are beautifully decorated with stone carvings, and the entrance is usually marked by an elaborately carved moonstone (also known as Sandakada Pahana).

2. Guard Stones and Steps: At the entrance, you’ll find iconic guard stones flanking the staircases. These stones usually depict figures of deities or Naga (serpent) figures believed to provide protection. The steps are symmetrical and lead upward to the central chamber.

3. Stone Pillars: The roof of the Watadageya was most likely supported by stone pillars arranged in a circular manner. While most roofs have not survived through the centuries, the stone columns remain standing, offering a glimpse into the structure’s grandeur. These columns are often elaborately carved with intricate designs.

4. Sacred Stupa or Buddha Statue: At the center of the Watadageya sits the main attraction—either a small stupa or a Buddha statue. In Polonnaruwa’s Watadageya, four Buddha statues in different postures face the cardinal directions, indicating the omnipresence of Buddha’s teachings.

5. Ornate Carvings: One of the most striking features of the Watadageyas is the intricate stone carvings found throughout. Moonstones, balustrades, and floral motifs adorn the entranceways, while the guard stones depict protective deities. These carvings are a testament to the skill of ancient Sri Lankan craftsmen and provide insight into the symbolic and artistic traditions of the time.

Polonnaruwa Watadageya: A Masterpiece of Ancient Sri Lankan Architecture

The Watadageya in Polonnaruwa is considered one of the finest examples of this type of architecture. Located within the Polonnaruwa Quadrangle, it stands as a masterpiece of ancient Sri Lankan design. The structure is raised on a circular stone platform with two concentric terraces. Four stone stairways lead to the inner sanctum, where four seated Buddha statues face the cardinal directions.

Each stairway is guarded by intricately carved moonstones and guard stones, and the stone pillars that once supported the roof still stand in silent witness to the grandeur of the structure.

The carvings in Polonnaruwa’s Watadageya are exceptionally detailed, featuring lotus flowers, lions, and other auspicious symbols. These represent the spiritual and cultural richness of the time, as well as the Buddhist philosophy deeply rooted in the country’s history.

Other Notable Watadageyas in Sri Lanka

While the Polonnaruwa Watadageya is the most famous, there are other significant Watadageyas across Sri Lanka that deserve mention:

• Medirigiriya Watadageya: Located in the North Central Province, this Watadageya is older than the one in Polonnaruwa. It is renowned for its beautifully preserved circular base and the four seated Buddha statues, which mirror those found in Polonnaruwa.

• Anuradhapura Watadageya: Although in ruins, the Watadageya in Anuradhapura still offers a glimpse into the early development of this architectural form. As one of the earliest examples, it shows the evolution of the Watadageya from a simple stupa enclosure to a more elaborate structure.

The Spiritual Experience of Visiting a Watadageya

Visiting a Watadageya is not just an architectural experience; it’s a deeply spiritual journey. Walking around the circular structure is symbolic of the Buddhist practice of circumambulation (walking in a clockwise direction around a sacred object). It is believed to bring merit and spiritual cleansing to devotees.

As you step inside these ancient relic houses, you can feel the presence of centuries of devotion, the whispers of history, and the profound serenity that these sites continue to offer visitors.

Conclusion

Watadageyas are more than just ancient relic houses; they are monuments to Sri Lanka's rich Buddhist heritage, architectural innovation, and spiritual history. Whether you visit the famous Watadageya of Polonnaruwa or explore the lesser-known but equally fascinating Medirigiriya Watadageya, you’ll be struck by the sense of reverence and beauty these structures embody.

For travelers seeking to delve into Sri Lanka’s ancient past, a visit to these circular relic houses is a journey back in time, to an era when spirituality, craftsmanship, and architecture came together to create wonders that continue to inspire awe.